Joe Giron for The New York Times
A packed flight out of Las Vegas on Allegiant, which uses nonreclining seats to save on costs. While travelers may grouse, the airline notes they insist on low fares.
Flying coach can be a bruising experience these days.
Rory Rowland said he was rudely rebuffed after he asked the person in front of him not to recline his seat on a red-eye flight. When he later got up to use the bathroom, and the other passenger had fallen asleep, "I hip-checked his seat like you wouldn't believe," Mr. Rowland, a speaker and consultant, said, then feigned innocence when the enraged passenger complained to a flight attendant.
With air travelers increasingly feeling like packed sardines, flying has become a contact sport, nowhere more than over the reclined seat.
Now, it is only getting worse, as airlines re-examine every millimeter of the cabin.
Over the last two decades, the space between seats — hardly roomy before — has fallen about 10 percent, from 34 inches to somewhere between 30 and 32 inches. Today, some airlines are pushing it even further, leaving only a knee-crunching 28 inches.
To gain a little more space, airlines are turning to a new generation of seats that use lighter materials and less padding, moving the magazine pocket above the tray table and even reducing or eliminating the recline in seats. Some are even reducing the number of galleys and bathrooms.
Southwest, the nation's largest domestic carrier, is installing seats with less cushion and thinner materials — a svelte model known in the business as "slim-line." It also is reducing the maximum recline to two inches from three. These new seats allow Southwest to add another row, or six seats, to every flight — and add $200 million a year in newfound revenue.
"In today's environment, the goal is to fit as many seats in the cabin as possible," said Tom Plant, the general manager for seating products at B/E Aerospace, one of the top airplane seat makers. "We would all like more space on an aircraft, but we all like a competitive ticket price."
Some carriers are taking the smush to new heights.
Spirit Airlines, for instance, uses seats on some flights with the backrest permanently set back three inches. Call it, as Spirit does, "prereclined."
The low-cost airline started installing the seats in 2010, squeezing passengers into an industry low of 28 inches. While the Airbus A320 typically accommodates 150 passengers in coach, Spirit can pack 178.
And that is a good thing, Spirit says.
"Customers appreciate the fact that there is no longer interference from the seat in front of you moving up and down throughout the flight," said Misty Pinson, a spokeswoman for Spirit.
Rick Seaney, the chief executive of FareCompare.com, said the airline business had changed in recent years, after airlines parked older planes and started flying with fewer empty seats. In the past five years, he said, carriers had cut capacity — the number of seats they fly — about 12 percent.
"The flip side is they can't afford not to fill up their seats," Mr. Seaney said. "This is a massive sea change."
With so little space to haggle over, passengers have developed their own techniques for handling the crowded conditions.
"They jam their knee into the back of your seat as hard as they can, and they'll do it repeatedly to see if they can get a reaction," said Mick Brekke, a businessman who flies for work a few times a month. "That's happened to me more than once, and that usually settles down after they realize I'm not going to put it back up."
The passengers Mr. Brekke has encountered are not even the most extreme: Some have taken to using seat-jamming devices, known as knee guards, that prevent a seat in front from reclining. Airlines ban them, but they work, users say.
Smaller seats are not the only reason passengers feel more constricted these days. Travelers are also getting bigger. In the last four decades, the average American gained a little more than 20 pounds and his or her waist expanded about 2.5 inches, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The dimensions of airplanes, however, have not changed and neither has the average width of a coach seat, which is 17 to 18 inches.
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